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Taking place between 17 January and 19 May 1944, the Battle of Monte Cassino was a costly Allied campaign to break through the German Winter Line bisecting Italy in order to seize Rome. In total, 54,000 Allied and 20,000 German casualties were suffered in a series of four distinct battles. Early on, the Americans controversially bombed the famous abbey perched high above the town of Monte Cassino. Interestingly, the ruins were only occupied two days later by German paratroops of the 1st Parachute Division and who turned them into a fortress.